home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
Unknown | 1992-06-05 | 329.5 KB |
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MacOS 8.1
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Win98
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DOS
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Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
---|
66%
| dexvert
| OS/2 Installation Package (archive/os2InstallPackage)
| ext
| Supported |
1%
| dexvert
| BeOS Installation Package (archive/beOSInstallPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
1%
| dexvert
| Newton Package (archive/newtonPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
1%
| dexvert
| Independence War 2 mod Package (other/independenceWar2ModPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
100%
| file
| data
| default
|
|
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 1a 44 50 31 2e 31 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 05 64 00 |.DP1.1..|......d.|
|00000010| 00 00 16 00 00 00 30 30 | 00 00 00 01 9c 05 00 00 |......00|........|
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|00000250| bf 0f 00 00 34 31 00 00 | 00 01 b2 10 02 00 4a 07 |....41..|......J.|
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|00000340| 00 00 35 38 00 00 00 01 | d9 e7 02 00 e4 0c 00 00 |..58....|........|
|00000350| 35 39 00 00 00 01 bd f4 | 02 00 e2 08 00 00 36 30 |59......|......60|
|00000360| 00 00 00 01 9f fd 02 00 | 61 0c 00 00 36 31 00 00 |........|a...61..|
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|00000390| 03 00 fb 0c 00 00 36 34 | 00 00 00 01 d5 2e 03 00 |......64|........|
|000003a0| 67 0f 00 00 36 35 00 00 | 00 01 3c 3e 03 00 c9 0a |g...65..|..<>....|
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|000003d0| 00 00 00 01 a4 5b 03 00 | 98 14 00 00 36 39 00 00 |.....[..|....69..|
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|00000410| 83 07 00 00 37 33 00 00 | 00 01 8e a2 03 00 13 09 |....73..|........|
|00000420| 00 00 37 34 00 00 00 01 | a1 ab 03 00 c6 11 00 00 |..74....|........|
|00000430| 37 35 00 00 00 01 67 bd | 03 00 de 0a 00 00 37 36 |75....g.|......76|
|00000440| 00 00 00 01 45 c8 03 00 | cb 09 00 00 37 37 00 00 |....E...|....77..|
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|00000460| 73 dc 03 00 de 08 00 00 | 37 39 00 00 00 01 51 e5 |s.......|79....Q.|
|00000470| 03 00 26 0a 00 00 38 30 | 00 00 00 01 77 ef 03 00 |..&...80|....w...|
|00000480| 7f 0e 00 00 38 31 00 00 | 00 01 f6 fd 03 00 76 09 |....81..|......v.|
|00000490| 00 00 38 32 00 00 00 01 | 6c 07 04 00 17 0f 00 00 |..82....|l.......|
|000004a0| 38 33 00 00 00 01 83 16 | 04 00 80 08 00 00 38 34 |83......|......84|
|000004b0| 00 00 00 01 03 1f 04 00 | f5 0d 00 00 38 35 00 00 |........|....85..|
|000004c0| 00 01 f8 2c 04 00 d3 09 | 00 00 38 36 00 00 00 01 |...,....|..86....|
|000004d0| cb 36 04 00 95 0d 00 00 | 38 37 00 00 00 01 60 44 |.6......|87....`D|
|000004e0| 04 00 71 09 00 00 38 38 | 00 00 00 01 d1 4d 04 00 |..q...88|.....M..|
|000004f0| 4e 09 00 00 38 39 00 00 | 00 01 1f 57 04 00 24 0b |N...89..|...W..$.|
|00000500| 00 00 39 30 00 00 00 01 | 43 62 04 00 0b 14 00 00 |..90....|Cb......|
|00000510| 39 31 00 00 00 01 4e 76 | 04 00 6a 14 00 00 39 32 |91....Nv|..j...92|
|00000520| 00 00 00 01 b8 8a 04 00 | 78 13 00 00 39 33 00 00 |........|x...93..|
|00000530| 00 01 30 9e 04 00 79 10 | 00 00 39 34 00 00 00 01 |..0...y.|..94....|
|00000540| a9 ae 04 00 6b 13 00 00 | 39 35 00 00 00 01 14 c2 |....k...|95......|
|00000550| 04 00 bb 0a 00 00 39 36 | 00 00 00 01 cf cc 04 00 |......96|........|
|00000560| eb 1b 00 00 39 37 00 00 | 00 01 ba e8 04 00 45 0d |....97..|......E.|
|00000570| 00 00 39 38 00 00 00 01 | ff f5 04 00 3d 1d 00 00 |..98....|....=...|
|00000580| 39 39 00 00 00 01 3c 13 | 05 00 b6 12 00 00 00 00 |99....<.|........|
|00000590| 00 00 00 00 f2 25 05 00 | 00 00 00 00 24 55 6e 69 |.....%..|....$Uni|
|000005a0| 71 75 65 5f 49 44 7b 59 | 52 42 30 32 39 30 30 7d |que_ID{Y|RB02900}|
|000005b0| 0d 0a 24 54 69 74 6c 65 | 7b 44 6f 65 73 20 4d 61 |..$Title|{Does Ma|
|000005c0| 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 45 | 6d 70 6c 6f 79 6d 65 6e |ternal E|mploymen|
|000005d0| 74 20 41 66 66 65 63 74 | 20 42 72 65 61 73 74 2d |t Affect| Breast-|
|000005e0| 46 65 65 64 69 6e 67 3f | 7d 0d 0a 24 41 75 74 68 |Feeding?|}..$Auth|
|000005f0| 6f 72 7b 0d 0a 4b 75 72 | 69 6e 69 6a 2c 20 4e 0d |or{..Kur|inij, N.|
|00000600| 0a 53 68 69 6f 6e 6f 2c | 20 50 48 0d 0a 45 7a 72 |.Shiono,| PH..Ezr|
|00000610| 69 6e 65 2c 20 53 46 0d | 0a 52 68 6f 61 64 73 2c |ine, SF.|.Rhoads,|
|00000620| 20 47 47 7d 0d 0a 24 41 | 66 66 69 6c 69 61 74 69 | GG}..$A|ffiliati|
|00000630| 6f 6e 7b 4e 61 74 6c 20 | 49 6e 73 74 20 6f 66 20 |on{Natl |Inst of |
|00000640| 43 68 69 6c 64 20 48 65 | 61 6c 74 68 20 61 6e 64 |Child He|alth and|
|00000650| 20 48 75 6d 61 6e 20 44 | 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 6d 65 | Human D|evelopme|
|00000660| 6e 74 2c 20 42 65 74 68 | 65 73 64 61 2c 20 4d 64 |nt, Beth|esda, Md|
|00000670| 3b 0d 0a 53 75 72 76 65 | 79 20 52 65 73 65 61 72 |;..Surve|y Resear|
|00000680| 63 68 20 41 73 73 6f 63 | 2c 20 49 6e 63 2c 20 42 |ch Assoc|, Inc, B|
|00000690| 61 6c 74 69 6d 6f 72 65 | 7d 0d 0a 24 4a 6f 75 72 |altimore|}..$Jour|
|000006a0| 6e 61 6c 7b 41 6d 20 4a | 20 50 75 62 6c 69 63 20 |nal{Am J| Public |
|000006b0| 48 65 61 6c 74 68 7d 0d | 0a 24 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 |Health}.|.$Volume|
|000006c0| 7b 37 39 7d 0d 0a 24 50 | 61 67 65 7b 31 32 34 37 |{79}..$P|age{1247|
|000006d0| 2d 31 32 35 30 7d 0d 0a | 24 44 61 74 65 7b 31 39 |-1250}..|$Date{19|
|000006e0| 38 39 7d 0d 0a 24 59 42 | 56 6f 6c 7b 31 39 39 31 |89}..$YB|Vol{1991|
|000006f0| 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f | 6f 6b 20 6f 66 20 50 65 | Year Bo|ok of Pe|
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|00000710| 70 74 65 72 7b 33 2d 39 | 7d 0d 0a 24 59 42 45 64 |pter{3-9|}..$YBEd|
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|00000730| 6e 64 20 53 74 6f 63 6b | 6d 61 6e 7d 0d 0a 24 54 |nd Stock|man}..$T|
|00000740| 61 62 6c 65 7b 54 61 62 | 6c 65 20 4f 6d 69 74 74 |able{Tab|le Omitt|
|00000750| 65 64 7d 0d 0a 24 43 6f | 6d 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 6f |ed}..$Co|mmentato|
|00000760| 72 7b 46 2e 41 2e 20 4f | 73 6b 69 2c 20 4d 2e 44 |r{F.A. O|ski, M.D|
|00000770| 2e 7d 0d 0a 0d 0a 43 6f | 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 |.}....Co|pyright |
|00000780| 28 43 29 20 59 65 61 72 | 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 4d 65 |(C) Year| Book Me|
|00000790| 64 69 63 61 6c 20 50 75 | 62 6c 69 73 68 65 72 73 |dical Pu|blishers|
|000007a0| 2c 20 49 6e 63 2e 20 31 | 39 39 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 31 |, Inc. 1|991....1|
|000007b0| 39 39 31 20 59 65 61 72 | 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 6f 66 |991 Year| Book of|
|000007c0| 20 50 65 64 69 61 74 72 | 69 63 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a | Pediatr|ics:....|
|000007d0| 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 | 33 20 2d 2d 20 4e 75 74 |Chapter |3 -- Nut|
|000007e0| 72 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 | 6e 64 20 4d 65 74 61 62 |rition a|nd Metab|
|000007f0| 6f 6c 69 73 6d 0d 0a 0d | 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |olism...|.-------|
|00000800| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000810| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000820| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000830| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000840| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d | 0a 44 6f 65 73 20 4d 61 |-------.|.Does Ma|
|00000850| 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 45 | 6d 70 6c 6f 79 6d 65 6e |ternal E|mploymen|
|00000860| 74 20 41 66 66 65 63 74 | 20 42 72 65 61 73 74 2d |t Affect| Breast-|
|00000870| 46 65 65 64 69 6e 67 3f | 0d 0a 0d 0a 4b 75 72 69 |Feeding?|....Kuri|
|00000880| 6e 69 6a 20 4e 3b 20 53 | 68 69 6f 6e 6f 20 50 48 |nij N; S|hiono PH|
|00000890| 3b 20 45 7a 72 69 6e 65 | 20 53 46 3b 20 52 68 6f |; Ezrine| SF; Rho|
|000008a0| 61 64 73 20 47 47 0d 0a | 28 4e 61 74 6c 20 49 6e |ads GG..|(Natl In|
|000008b0| 73 74 20 6f 66 20 43 68 | 69 6c 64 20 48 65 61 6c |st of Ch|ild Heal|
|000008c0| 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 48 | 75 6d 61 6e 20 44 65 76 |th and H|uman Dev|
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|000008e0| 64 61 2c 20 4d 64 3b 20 | 53 75 72 76 65 79 0d 0a |da, Md; |Survey..|
|000008f0| 52 65 73 65 61 72 63 68 | 20 41 73 73 6f 63 2c 20 |Research| Assoc, |
|00000900| 49 6e 63 2c 20 42 61 6c | 74 69 6d 6f 72 65 29 20 |Inc, Bal|timore) |
|00000910| 41 6d 20 4a 20 50 75 62 | 6c 69 63 20 48 65 61 6c |Am J Pub|lic Heal|
|00000920| 74 68 20 37 39 3a 31 32 | 34 37 2d 31 32 35 30 2c |th 79:12|47-1250,|
|00000930| 20 31 39 38 39 0d 0a 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 1989..-|--------|
|00000940| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000950| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000960| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000970| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000980| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d | 0a 41 62 73 74 72 61 63 |-----...|.Abstrac|
|00000990| 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 41 |t.... | Most A|
|000009a0| 6d 65 72 69 63 61 6e 20 | 6d 6f 74 68 65 72 73 20 |merican |mothers |
|000009b0| 6f 66 20 63 68 69 6c 64 | 72 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 6e |of child|ren youn|
|000009c0| 67 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e | 20 31 20 79 65 61 72 20 |ger than| 1 year |
|000009d0| 6f 66 20 61 67 65 20 61 | 72 65 20 65 6d 70 6c 6f |of age a|re emplo|
|000009e0| 79 65 64 0d 0a 6f 75 74 | 73 69 64 65 20 74 68 65 |yed..out|side the|
|000009f0| 20 68 6f 6d 65 2e 20 20 | 54 6f 20 65 78 61 6d 69 | home. |To exami|
|00000a00| 6e 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 | 65 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 |ne the r|elations|
|00000a10| 68 69 70 20 6f 66 20 6d | 61 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 |hip of m|aternal |
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|00000a30| 6e 69 74 69 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 64 75 |nitiatio|n and du|
|00000a40| 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f | 66 20 62 72 65 61 73 74 |ration o|f breast|
|00000a50| 2d 66 65 65 64 69 6e 67 | 2c 20 64 61 74 61 20 77 |-feeding|, data w|
|00000a60| 65 72 65 20 72 65 76 69 | 65 77 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 |ere revi|ewed on |
|00000a70| 36 36 38 20 6e 65 77 20 | 62 6c 61 63 6b 0d 0a 6d |668 new |black..m|
|00000a80| 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2c 20 | 38 30 25 20 6f 66 20 77 |others, |80% of w|
|00000a90| 68 6f 6d 20 77 65 72 65 | 20 65 6d 70 6c 6f 79 65 |hom were| employe|
|00000aa0| 64 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 | 20 70 72 65 67 6e 61 6e |d during| pregnan|
|00000ab0| 63 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 | 35 31 31 20 6e 65 77 20 |cy, and |511 new |
|00000ac0| 77 68 69 74 65 0d 0a 6d | 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2c 20 |white..m|others, |
|00000ad0| 39 31 25 20 6f 66 20 77 | 68 6f 6d 20 77 65 72 65 |91% of w|hom were|
|00000ae0| 20 73 6f 20 65 6d 70 6c | 6f 79 65 64 20 28 54 61 | so empl|oyed (Ta|
|00000af0| 62 6c 65 20 31 29 2e 0d | 0a 20 20 20 20 20 41 6d |ble 1)..|. Am|
|00000b00| 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | 77 6f 6d 65 6e 20 77 68 |ong the |women wh|
|00000b10| 6f 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 |o intend|ed to re|
|00000b20| 74 75 72 6e 20 74 6f 20 | 77 6f 72 6b 2c 20 37 31 |turn to |work, 71|
|00000b30| 25 20 6f 66 20 62 6c 61 | 63 6b 20 77 6f 6d 65 6e |% of bla|ck women|
|00000b40| 20 61 6e 64 0d 0a 38 32 | 25 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 | and..82|% of whi|
|00000b50| 74 65 20 77 6f 6d 65 6e | 20 68 61 64 20 72 65 74 |te women| had ret|
|00000b60| 75 72 6e 65 64 20 74 6f | 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 62 79 |urned to| work by|
|00000b70| 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 75 | 72 74 68 20 70 6f 73 74 | the fou|rth post|
|00000b80| 70 61 72 74 75 6d 20 6d | 6f 6e 74 68 2e 20 20 54 |partum m|onth. T|
|00000b90| 68 6f 73 65 0d 0a 77 68 | 6f 20 70 6c 61 6e 6e 65 |hose..wh|o planne|
|00000ba0| 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 74 | 75 72 6e 20 74 6f 20 77 |d to ret|urn to w|
|00000bb0| 6f 72 6b 20 77 69 74 68 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 |ork with|in the f|
|00000bc0| 69 72 73 74 20 32 20 6d | 6f 6e 74 68 73 20 77 65 |irst 2 m|onths we|
|00000bd0| 72 65 20 73 69 67 6e 69 | 66 69 63 61 6e 74 6c 79 |re signi|ficantly|
|00000be0| 0d 0a 6c 65 73 73 20 6c | 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 6f |..less l|ikely to|
|00000bf0| 20 62 72 65 61 73 74 2d | 66 65 65 64 2e 20 20 57 | breast-|feed. W|
|00000c00| 6f 6d 65 6e 20 77 68 6f | 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 65 |omen who| returne|
|00000c10| 64 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f | 66 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 61 |d to pro|fessiona|
|00000c20| 6c 20 6f 63 63 75 70 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 68 |l occupa|tions..h|
|00000c30| 61 64 20 61 20 6c 6f 6e | 67 65 72 20 6d 65 61 6e |ad a lon|ger mean|
|00000c40| 20 64 75 72 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 6f 66 20 62 72 65 | duratio|n of bre|
|00000c50| 61 73 74 2d 66 65 65 64 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 6e |ast-feed|ing than|
|00000c60| 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 69 | 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 | those i|n other |
|00000c70| 6f 63 63 75 70 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 28 54 61 |occupati|ons..(Ta|
|00000c80| 62 6c 65 73 20 32 20 61 | 6e 64 20 33 2c 20 61 6e |bles 2 a|nd 3, an|
|00000c90| 64 20 46 69 67 20 33 2d | 35 29 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |d Fig 3-|5). The|
|00000ca0| 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 64 75 | 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 | mean du|ration a|
|00000cb0| 6c 73 6f 20 77 61 73 20 | 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 66 |lso was |longer f|
|00000cc0| 6f 72 20 74 68 6f 73 65 | 0d 0a 72 65 74 75 72 6e |or those|..return|
|00000cd0| 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 70 | 61 72 74 2d 74 69 6d 65 |ing to p|art-time|
|00000ce0| 20 77 6f 72 6b 2e 20 20 | 42 6c 61 63 6b 20 77 6f | work. |Black wo|
|00000cf0| 6d 65 6e 20 77 68 6f 20 | 64 69 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 |men who |did not |
|00000d00| 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 74 | 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 77 |return t|o work w|
|00000d10| 65 72 65 0d 0a 74 77 69 | 63 65 20 61 73 20 6c 69 |ere..twi|ce as li|
|00000d20| 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 | 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 |kely to |continue|
|00000d30| 20 62 72 65 61 73 74 2d | 66 65 65 64 69 6e 67 20 | breast-|feeding |
|00000d40| 61 73 20 62 6c 61 63 6b | 20 77 6f 6d 65 6e 20 77 |as black| women w|
|00000d50| 68 6f 20 64 69 64 20 72 | 65 74 75 72 6e 20 74 6f |ho did r|eturn to|
|00000d60| 0d 0a 77 6f 72 6b 20 28 | 54 61 62 6c 65 20 34 29 |..work (|Table 4)|
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|000035e0| 65 61 72 20 69 6e 74 65 | 72 76 61 6c 73 2e 0d 0a |ear inte|rvals...|
|000035f0| 54 77 65 6e 74 79 2d 73 | 65 76 65 6e 20 73 75 62 |Twenty-s|even sub|
|00003600| 6a 65 63 74 73 20 77 65 | 72 65 20 64 69 66 66 75 |jects we|re diffu|
|00003610| 73 65 6c 79 20 6f 62 65 | 73 65 20 62 65 66 6f 72 |sely obe|se befor|
|00003620| 65 20 61 67 65 20 32 20 | 79 65 61 72 73 20 28 67 |e age 2 |years (g|
|00003630| 72 6f 75 70 20 31 29 3b | 20 33 39 37 0d 0a 77 65 |roup 1);| 397..we|
|00003640| 72 65 20 64 69 66 66 75 | 73 65 6c 79 20 6f 62 65 |re diffu|sely obe|
|00003650| 73 65 20 6c 61 74 65 72 | 20 28 67 72 6f 75 70 20 |se later| (group |
|00003660| 32 29 3b 20 34 36 20 68 | 61 64 20 61 20 66 61 74 |2); 46 h|ad a fat|
|00003670| 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 | 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 | distrib|ution re|
|00003680| 73 65 6d 62 6c 69 6e 67 | 0d 0a 46 72 6f 68 6c 69 |sembling|..Frohli|
|00003690| 63 68 27 73 20 64 69 73 | 65 61 73 65 20 28 67 72 |ch's dis|ease (gr|
|000036a0| 6f 75 70 20 33 29 3b 20 | 61 6e 64 20 33 34 20 62 |oup 3); |and 34 b|
|000036b0| 65 63 61 6d 65 20 6f 62 | 65 73 65 20 61 66 74 65 |ecame ob|ese afte|
|000036c0| 72 20 69 6e 63 75 72 72 | 69 6e 67 20 62 72 61 69 |r incurr|ing brai|
|000036d0| 6e 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 | 0d 0a 28 67 72 6f 75 70 |n damage|..(group|
|000036e0| 20 34 29 2e 0d 0a 20 20 | 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 6d | 4)... | The m|
|000036f0| 65 61 6e 20 77 65 69 67 | 68 74 2d 66 6f 72 2d 68 |ean weig|ht-for-h|
|00003700| 65 69 67 68 74 20 28 57 | 2f 48 29 20 73 74 61 6e |eight (W|/H) stan|
|00003710| 64 61 72 64 20 64 65 76 | 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 |dard dev|iation s|
|00003720| 63 6f 72 65 20 28 53 44 | 53 29 20 72 65 61 63 68 |core (SD|S) reach|
|00003730| 65 64 20 61 0d 0a 6d 61 | 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 69 6e |ed a..ma|ximum in|
|00003740| 20 70 75 62 65 72 74 79 | 20 61 74 20 2b 33 2e 35 | puberty| at +3.5|
|00003750| 2c 20 66 61 6c 6c 69 6e | 67 20 74 6f 20 61 62 6f |, fallin|g to abo|
|00003760| 75 74 20 2b 31 20 69 6e | 20 61 64 75 6c 74 68 6f |ut +1 in| adultho|
|00003770| 6f 64 2e 20 20 4e 65 61 | 72 6c 79 20 68 61 6c 66 |od. Nea|rly half|
|00003780| 20 6f 66 0d 0a 74 68 65 | 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 | of..the| subject|
|00003790| 73 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e | 65 64 20 6f 62 65 73 65 |s remain|ed obese|
|000037a0| 20 69 6e 20 61 64 75 6c | 74 68 6f 6f 64 2c 20 77 | in adul|thood, w|
|000037b0| 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 53 | 44 53 20 65 78 63 65 65 |ith an S|DS excee|
|000037c0| 64 69 6e 67 20 2b 31 3b | 20 38 35 25 20 6f 66 0d |ding +1;| 85% of.|
|000037d0| 0a 74 68 65 6d 20 68 61 | 64 20 61 6e 20 53 44 53 |.them ha|d an SDS|
|000037e0| 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 2b | 32 20 69 6e 20 63 68 69 | above +|2 in chi|
|000037f0| 6c 64 68 6f 6f 64 20 28 | 54 61 62 6c 65 20 31 29 |ldhood (|Table 1)|
|00003800| 2e 20 20 47 72 6f 75 70 | 20 34 20 70 61 74 69 65 |. Group| 4 patie|
|00003810| 6e 74 73 20 68 61 64 20 | 61 0d 0a 68 69 67 68 65 |nts had |a..highe|
|00003820| 72 20 53 44 53 20 69 6e | 20 61 64 75 6c 74 68 6f |r SDS in| adultho|
|00003830| 6f 64 20 74 68 61 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 |od than |the othe|
|00003840| 72 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 | 20 28 54 61 62 6c 65 20 |r groups| (Table |
|00003850| 32 29 2e 20 20 49 6e 20 | 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 |2). In |all of t|
|00003860| 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 | 0d 0a 67 72 6f 75 70 73 |he other|..groups|
|00003870| 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 72 | 65 6e 74 73 27 20 64 65 | the par|ents' de|
|00003880| 67 72 65 65 20 6f 66 20 | 65 78 63 65 73 73 20 77 |gree of |excess w|
|00003890| 65 69 67 68 74 20 63 6f | 72 72 65 6c 61 74 65 64 |eight co|rrelated|
|000038a0| 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 68 69 6c 64 72 | with th|e childr|
|000038b0| 65 6e 73 27 20 57 2f 48 | 0d 0a 53 44 53 20 69 6e |ens' W/H|..SDS in|
|000038c0| 20 70 75 62 65 72 74 79 | 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 | puberty| and in |
|000038d0| 61 64 75 6c 74 68 6f 6f | 64 2e 20 20 50 61 74 69 |adulthoo|d. Pati|
|000038e0| 65 6e 74 73 20 77 65 69 | 67 68 69 6e 67 20 6d 6f |ents wei|ghing mo|
|000038f0| 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 | 34 2c 35 30 30 20 67 20 |re than |4,500 g |
|00003900| 61 74 20 62 69 72 74 68 | 0d 0a 68 61 64 20 61 20 |at birth|..had a |
|00003910| 57 2f 48 20 53 44 53 20 | 69 6e 20 70 75 62 65 72 |W/H SDS |in puber|
|00003920| 74 79 20 61 6e 64 20 61 | 64 75 6c 74 68 6f 6f 64 |ty and a|dulthood|
|00003930| 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 31 | 20 53 44 20 68 69 67 68 | about 1| SD high|
|00003940| 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 | 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2e 20 |er than |others. |
|00003950| 20 49 6e 0d 0a 67 72 6f | 75 70 73 20 31 20 61 6e | In..gro|ups 1 an|
|00003960| 64 20 32 2c 20 6f 76 65 | 72 77 65 69 67 68 74 20 |d 2, ove|rweight |
|00003970| 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 | 64 20 65 76 65 6e 20 77 |continue|d even w|
|00003980| 68 65 6e 20 66 6f 6f 64 | 20 69 6e 74 61 6b 65 20 |hen food| intake |
|00003990| 77 61 73 20 77 69 74 68 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0d 0a |was with|in the..|
|000039a0| 72 65 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e | 64 65 64 20 72 61 6e 67 |recommen|ded rang|
|000039b0| 65 2e 20 20 43 68 72 6f | 6e 69 63 20 64 69 73 65 |e. Chro|nic dise|
|000039c0| 61 73 65 20 77 61 73 20 | 6d 6f 72 65 20 70 72 65 |ase was |more pre|
|000039d0| 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 74 | 68 61 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 |valent t|han in a|
|000039e0| 20 6e 6f 6e 6f 62 65 73 | 65 0d 0a 72 65 66 65 72 | nonobes|e..refer|
|000039f0| 65 6e 63 65 20 70 6f 70 | 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |ence pop|ulation |
|00003a00| 28 54 61 62 6c 65 20 33 | 29 3b 20 6d 6f 72 62 69 |(Table 3|); morbi|
|00003a10| 64 69 74 79 20 77 61 73 | 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 66 72 |dity was| most fr|
|00003a20| 65 71 75 65 6e 74 20 69 | 6e 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 |equent i|n group |
|00003a30| 34 2e 0d 0a 4d 6f 72 74 | 61 6c 69 74 79 20 77 61 |4...Mort|ality wa|
|00003a40| 73 20 31 30 2e 39 25 2c | 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 72 65 |s 10.9%,| compare|
|00003a50| 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 | 6e 20 65 78 70 65 63 74 |d with a|n expect|
|00003a60| 65 64 20 72 61 74 65 20 | 6f 66 20 36 2e 35 25 2e |ed rate |of 6.5%.|
|00003a70| 20 20 43 61 72 64 69 6f | 76 61 73 63 75 6c 61 72 | Cardio|vascular|
|00003a80| 0d 0a 64 65 61 74 68 73 | 20 77 65 72 65 20 6d 6f |..deaths| were mo|
|00003a90| 73 74 20 66 72 65 71 75 | 65 6e 74 20 28 54 61 62 |st frequ|ent (Tab|
|00003aa0| 6c 65 20 34 29 2e 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 65 |le 4)...| Obe|
|00003ab0| 73 69 74 79 20 69 6e 20 | 63 68 69 6c 64 68 6f 6f |sity in |childhoo|
|00003ac0| 64 20 69 73 20 61 73 73 | 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 |d is ass|ociated |
|00003ad0| 77 69 74 68 20 68 69 67 | 68 20 6d 6f 72 62 69 64 |with hig|h morbid|
|00003ae0| 69 74 79 20 61 6e 64 20 | 6d 6f 72 74 61 6c 69 74 |ity and |mortalit|
|00003af0| 79 20 69 6e 0d 0a 61 64 | 75 6c 74 68 6f 6f 64 2e |y in..ad|ulthood.|
|00003b00| 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 | 6e 64 69 6e 67 73 20 73 | The fi|ndings s|
|00003b10| 75 70 70 6f 72 74 20 72 | 65 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 64 |upport r|ecommend|
|00003b20| 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 77 65 69 67 |ations t|hat weig|
|00003b30| 68 74 20 72 65 64 75 63 | 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 6d 65 |ht reduc|tion..me|
|00003b40| 61 73 75 72 65 73 20 62 | 65 67 69 6e 20 65 61 72 |asures b|egin ear|
|00003b50| 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 6c 69 | 66 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 50 |ly in li|fe.....P|
|00003b60| 6f 73 74 2d 43 6f 6d 6d | 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 |ost-Comm|ent.... |
|00003b70| 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 79 | 6f 75 20 72 65 61 64 20 | If y|ou read |
|00003b80| 74 68 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 | 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 61 |this one| right a|
|00003b90| 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 | 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 |fter the| previou|
|00003ba0| 73 20 6f 6e 65 2c 20 79 | 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |s one, y|ou will |
|00003bb0| 72 65 63 6f 67 6e 69 7a | 65 0d 0a 74 68 61 74 20 |recogniz|e..that |
|00003bc0| 79 6f 75 20 6a 75 73 74 | 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 77 |you just| can't w|
|00003bd0| 69 6e 2e 20 20 54 6f 6f | 20 66 61 74 20 6f 72 20 |in. Too| fat or |
|00003be0| 74 6f 6f 20 74 68 69 6e | 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 |too thin|, you ar|
|00003bf0| 65 20 61 20 6c 6f 73 65 | 72 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 |e a lose|r either|
|00003c00| 20 77 61 79 2e 0d 0a 4d | 65 61 6e 77 68 69 6c 65 | way...M|eanwhile|
|00003c10| 2c 20 22 49 27 6d 20 67 | 6f 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 |, "I'm g|oing to |
|00003c20| 42 6f 73 74 6f 6e 20 74 | 6f 20 73 65 65 20 6d 79 |Boston t|o see my|
|00003c30| 20 64 6f 63 74 6f 72 2e | 20 20 48 65 20 69 73 20 | doctor.| He is |
|00003c40| 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 | 69 63 6b 20 6d 61 6e 2e |a very s|ick man.|
|00003c50| 22 0d 0a 28 46 72 65 64 | 20 41 6c 6c 65 6e 29 2e |"..(Fred| Allen).|
|00003c60| 2d 2d 46 2e 41 2e 20 4f | 73 6b 69 2c 20 4d 2e 44 |--F.A. O|ski, M.D|
|00003c70| 2e 0d 0a 24 55 6e 69 71 | 75 65 5f 49 44 7b 59 52 |...$Uniq|ue_ID{YR|
|00003c80| 42 30 32 39 30 35 7d 0d | 0a 24 54 69 74 6c 65 7b |B02905}.|.$Title{|
|00003c90| 54 65 6c 65 76 69 73 69 | 6f 6e 27 73 20 49 6e 66 |Televisi|on's Inf|
|00003ca0| 6c 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f | 6e 20 43 68 69 6c 64 72 |luence o|n Childr|
|00003cb0| 65 6e 27 73 20 44 69 65 | 74 20 61 6e 64 20 50 68 |en's Die|t and Ph|
|00003cc0| 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 41 | 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 7d |ysical A|ctivity}|
|00003cd0| 0d 0a 24 41 75 74 68 6f | 72 7b 0d 0a 54 61 72 61 |..$Autho|r{..Tara|
|00003ce0| 73 2c 20 48 4c 0d 0a 53 | 61 6c 6c 69 73 2c 20 4a |s, HL..S|allis, J|
|00003cf0| 46 0d 0a 50 61 74 74 65 | 72 73 6f 6e 2c 20 54 4c |F..Patte|rson, TL|
|00003d00| 0d 0a 4e 61 64 65 72 2c | 20 50 52 0d 0a 4e 65 6c |..Nader,| PR..Nel|
|00003d10| 73 6f 6e 2c 20 4a 41 7d | 0d 0a 24 41 66 66 69 6c |son, JA}|..$Affil|
|00003d20| 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 7b 55 | 6e 69 76 20 6f 66 20 43 |iation{U|niv of C|
|00003d30| 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e 69 | 61 2c 20 53 61 6e 20 44 |aliforni|a, San D|
|00003d40| 69 65 67 6f 7d 0d 0a 24 | 4a 6f 75 72 6e 61 6c 7b |iego}..$|Journal{|
|00003d50| 4a 20 44 65 76 20 42 65 | 68 61 76 20 50 65 64 69 |J Dev Be|hav Pedi|
|00003d60| 61 74 72 7d 0d 0a 24 56 | 6f 6c 75 6d 65 7b 31 30 |atr}..$V|olume{10|
|00003d70| 7d 0d 0a 24 50 61 67 65 | 7b 31 37 36 2d 31 38 30 |}..$Page|{176-180|
|00003d80| 7d 0d 0a 24 44 61 74 65 | 7b 31 39 38 39 7d 0d 0a |}..$Date|{1989}..|
|00003d90| 24 59 42 56 6f 6c 7b 31 | 39 39 31 20 59 65 61 72 |$YBVol{1|991 Year|
|00003da0| 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 6f 66 | 20 50 65 64 69 61 74 72 | Book of| Pediatr|
|00003db0| 69 63 73 3a 7d 0d 0a 24 | 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 7b |ics:}..$|Chapter{|
|00003dc0| 33 2d 31 34 7d 0d 0a 24 | 59 42 45 64 69 74 6f 72 |3-14}..$|YBEditor|
|00003dd0| 7b 44 72 73 2e 20 4f 73 | 6b 69 20 61 6e 64 20 53 |{Drs. Os|ki and S|
|00003de0| 74 6f 63 6b 6d 61 6e 7d | 0d 0a 24 54 61 62 6c 65 |tockman}|..$Table|
|00003df0| 7b 54 61 62 6c 65 20 4f | 6d 69 74 74 65 64 7d 0d |{Table O|mitted}.|
|00003e00| 0a 24 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e | 74 61 74 6f 72 7b 57 2e |.$Commen|tator{W.|
|00003e10| 20 44 69 65 74 7a 2c 20 | 4d 2e 44 2e 7d 0d 0a 0d | Dietz, |M.D.}...|
|00003e20| 0a 43 6f 70 79 72 69 67 | 68 74 20 28 43 29 20 59 |.Copyrig|ht (C) Y|
|00003e30| 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b | 20 4d 65 64 69 63 61 6c |ear Book| Medical|
|00003e40| 20 50 75 62 6c 69 73 68 | 65 72 73 2c 20 49 6e 63 | Publish|ers, Inc|
|00003e50| 2e 20 31 39 39 31 0d 0a | 0d 0a 31 39 39 31 20 59 |. 1991..|..1991 Y|
|00003e60| 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b | 20 6f 66 20 50 65 64 69 |ear Book| of Pedi|
|00003e70| 61 74 72 69 63 73 3a 0d | 0a 0d 0a 43 68 61 70 74 |atrics:.|...Chapt|
|00003e80| 65 72 20 33 20 2d 2d 20 | 4e 75 74 72 69 74 69 6f |er 3 -- |Nutritio|
|00003e90| 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 4d 65 | 74 61 62 6f 6c 69 73 6d |n and Me|tabolism|
|00003ea0| 0d 0a 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |....----|--------|
|00003eb0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003ec0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003ed0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003ee0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003ef0| 2d 2d 0d 0a 54 65 6c 65 | 76 69 73 69 6f 6e 27 73 |--..Tele|vision's|
|00003f00| 20 49 6e 66 6c 75 65 6e | 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 43 68 | Influen|ce on Ch|
|00003f10| 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 27 73 | 20 44 69 65 74 20 61 6e |ildren's| Diet an|
|00003f20| 64 20 50 68 79 73 69 63 | 61 6c 20 41 63 74 69 76 |d Physic|al Activ|
|00003f30| 69 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 54 | 61 72 61 73 20 48 4c 3b |ity....T|aras HL;|
|00003f40| 20 53 61 6c 6c 69 73 20 | 4a 46 3b 20 50 61 74 74 | Sallis |JF; Patt|
|00003f50| 65 72 73 6f 6e 20 54 4c | 3b 20 4e 61 64 65 72 20 |erson TL|; Nader |
|00003f60| 50 52 3b 20 4e 65 6c 73 | 6f 6e 20 4a 41 0d 0a 28 |PR; Nels|on JA..(|
|00003f70| 55 6e 69 76 20 6f 66 20 | 43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e |Univ of |Californ|
|00003f80| 69 61 2c 20 53 61 6e 20 | 44 69 65 67 6f 29 0d 0a |ia, San |Diego)..|
|00003f90| 4a 20 44 65 76 20 42 65 | 68 61 76 20 50 65 64 69 |J Dev Be|hav Pedi|
|00003fa0| 61 74 72 20 31 30 3a 31 | 37 36 2d 31 38 30 2c 20 |atr 10:1|76-180, |
|00003fb0| 31 39 38 39 0d 0a 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |1989..--|--------|
|00003fc0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003fd0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003fe0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003ff0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004000| 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a | 41 62 73 74 72 61 63 74 |----....|Abstract|
|00004010| 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 69 6d 70 |.... | The imp|
|00004020| 61 63 74 20 6f 66 20 54 | 56 20 6f 6e 20 64 69 65 |act of T|V on die|
|00004030| 74 20 61 6e 64 20 70 68 | 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 61 |t and ph|ysical a|
|00004040| 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 | 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 |ctivity |should b|
|00004050| 65 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 | 74 65 64 20 69 6e 0d 0a |e evalua|ted in..|
|00004060| 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f | 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 |order to| develop|
|00004070| 20 73 74 72 61 74 65 67 | 69 65 73 20 74 6f 20 70 | strateg|ies to p|
|00004080| 72 65 76 65 6e 74 20 6f | 62 65 73 69 74 79 20 61 |revent o|besity a|
|00004090| 6e 64 20 73 65 64 65 6e | 74 61 72 79 20 6c 69 66 |nd seden|tary lif|
|000040a0| 65 2d 73 74 79 6c 65 73 | 20 69 6e 0d 0a 63 68 69 |e-styles| in..chi|
|000040b0| 6c 64 72 65 6e 2e 20 20 | 50 61 72 65 6e 74 73 27 |ldren. |Parents'|
|000040c0| 20 70 65 72 63 65 70 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 | percept|ions of |
|000040d0| 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6c | 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 |the infl|uence of|
|000040e0| 20 54 56 20 6f 6e 20 63 | 68 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 27 | TV on c|hildren'|
|000040f0| 73 20 64 69 65 74 61 72 | 79 0d 0a 69 6e 74 61 6b |s dietar|y..intak|
|00004100| 65 20 61 6e 64 20 70 68 | 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 61 |e and ph|ysical a|
|00004110| 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 | 6d 61 79 20 70 72 6f 76 |ctivity |may prov|
|00004120| 69 64 65 20 75 73 65 66 | 75 6c 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 |ide usef|ul infor|
|00004130| 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f | 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 74 |mation o|n this t|
|00004140| 6f 70 69 63 2e 20 20 41 | 0d 0a 71 75 65 73 74 69 |opic. A|..questi|
|00004150| 6f 6e 6e 61 69 72 65 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 61 73 73 |onnaire |that ass|
|00004160| 65 73 73 65 64 20 74 68 | 65 20 76 69 65 77 69 6e |essed th|e viewin|
|00004170| 67 20 68 61 62 69 74 73 | 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 69 |g habits| and chi|
|00004180| 6c 64 20 72 65 71 75 65 | 73 74 73 20 66 6f 72 20 |ld reque|sts for |
|00004190| 66 6f 6f 64 20 61 6e 64 | 0d 0a 73 70 6f 72 74 73 |food and|..sports|
|000041a0| 20 69 74 65 6d 73 20 61 | 73 20 61 64 76 65 72 74 | items a|s advert|
|000041b0| 69 73 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 | 54 56 20 77 61 73 20 61 |ised on |TV was a|
|000041c0| 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 65 | 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 36 |dministe|red to 6|
|000041d0| 36 20 6d 6f 74 68 65 72 | 73 20 6f 66 20 63 68 69 |6 mother|s of chi|
|000041e0| 6c 64 72 65 6e 0d 0a 61 | 67 65 64 20 33 2d 38 20 |ldren..a|ged 3-8 |
|000041f0| 79 65 61 72 73 2e 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 20 52 65 73 |years...| Res|
|00004200| 70 6f 6e 73 65 73 20 69 | 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 |ponses i|ndicated|
|00004210| 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 | 6c 61 72 67 65 20 61 6d | that a |large am|
|00004220| 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 | 74 69 6d 65 20 69 73 20 |ount of |time is |
|00004230| 73 70 65 6e 64 20 62 79 | 20 63 68 69 6c 64 72 65 |spend by| childre|
|00004240| 6e 0d 0a 77 61 74 63 68 | 69 6e 67 20 54 56 2c 20 |n..watch|ing TV, |
|00004250| 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 6e 79 | 20 63 68 69 6c 64 72 65 |and many| childre|
|00004260| 6e 20 65 61 74 20 6d 65 | 61 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |n eat me|als and |
|00004270| 73 6e 61 63 6b 20 77 68 | 69 6c 65 20 77 61 74 63 |snack wh|ile watc|
|00004280| 68 69 6e 67 20 28 54 61 | 62 6c 65 20 31 29 2e 0d |hing (Ta|ble 1)..|
|00004290| 0a 54 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 | 74 20 66 72 65 71 75 65 |.The mos|t freque|
|000042a0| 6e 74 6c 79 20 72 65 71 | 75 65 73 74 65 64 20 61 |ntly req|uested a|
|000042b0| 6e 64 20 70 75 72 63 68 | 61 73 65 64 20 66 6f 6f |nd purch|ased foo|
|000042c0| 64 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 74 68 6f 73 65 20 68 69 |ds were |those hi|
|000042d0| 67 68 20 69 6e 20 73 75 | 67 61 72 2c 0d 0a 66 6f |gh in su|gar,..fo|
|000042e0| 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 68 69 67 68 2d 66 |llowed b|y high-f|
|000042f0| 61 74 2c 20 68 69 67 68 | 2d 73 61 6c 74 2c 20 61 |at, high|-salt, a|
|00004300| 6e 64 20 6c 6f 77 2d 73 | 75 67 61 72 2f 66 61 74 |nd low-s|ugar/fat|
|00004310| 2f 73 61 6c 74 20 66 6f | 6f 64 73 20 28 54 61 62 |/salt fo|ods (Tab|
|00004320| 6c 65 20 32 29 2e 0d 0a | 46 6f 6f 64 73 20 74 68 |le 2)...|Foods th|
|00004330| 61 74 20 63 68 69 6c 64 | 72 65 6e 20 72 65 71 75 |at child|ren requ|
|00004340| 65 73 74 65 64 20 62 65 | 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 |ested be|cause th|
|00004350| 65 79 20 68 61 64 20 73 | 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 6d |ey had s|een them|
|00004360| 20 6f 6e 20 54 56 20 70 | 61 72 61 6c 6c 65 6c 65 | on TV p|arallele|
|00004370| 64 20 74 68 65 0d 0a 66 | 72 65 71 75 65 6e 63 69 |d the..f|requenci|
|00004380| 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 |es with |which th|
|00004390| 65 73 65 20 66 6f 6f 64 | 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 61 |ese food|s were a|
|000043a0| 64 76 65 72 74 69 73 65 | 64 20 6f 6e 20 54 56 20 |dvertise|d on TV |
|000043b0| 28 54 61 62 6c 65 20 33 | 2c 20 70 20 31 31 36 29 |(Table 3|, p 116)|
|000043c0| 2e 0d 0a 57 65 65 6b 6c | 79 20 54 56 2d 76 69 65 |...Weekl|y TV-vie|
|000043d0| 77 69 6e 67 20 68 6f 75 | 72 73 20 63 6f 72 72 65 |wing hou|rs corre|
|000043e0| 6c 61 74 65 64 20 73 69 | 67 6e 69 66 69 63 61 6e |lated si|gnifican|
|000043f0| 74 6c 79 20 77 69 74 68 | 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d |tly with| the num|
|00004400| 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 66 | 6f 6f 64 20 69 74 65 6d |ber of f|ood item|
|00004410| 73 0d 0a 72 65 71 75 65 | 73 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 |s..reque|sted and|
|00004420| 20 73 75 62 73 65 71 75 | 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 62 6f | subsequ|ently bo|
|00004430| 75 67 68 74 20 28 54 61 | 62 6c 65 20 34 2c 20 70 |ught (Ta|ble 4, p|
|00004440| 20 31 31 37 29 20 61 6e | 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 | 117) an|d the ch|
|00004450| 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 27 73 | 20 63 61 6c 6f 72 69 63 |ildren's| caloric|
|00004460| 0d 0a 69 6e 74 61 6b 65 | 2e 20 20 46 6f 6f 64 20 |..intake|. Food |
|00004470| 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 73 | 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 72 |requests| and pur|
|00004480| 63 68 61 73 65 73 20 77 | 65 72 65 20 73 69 67 6e |chases w|ere sign|
|00004490| 69 66 69 63 61 6e 74 6c | 79 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 65 |ificantl|y and ne|
|000044a0| 67 61 74 69 76 65 6c 79 | 0d 0a 63 6f 72 72 65 6c |gatively|..correl|
|000044b0| 61 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 | 68 20 62 6f 64 79 20 6d |ated wit|h body m|
|000044c0| 61 73 73 20 69 6e 64 65 | 78 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 |ass inde|x. The |
|000044d0| 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f | 66 20 54 56 2d 76 69 65 |number o|f TV-vie|
|000044e0| 77 69 6e 67 20 68 6f 75 | 72 73 20 64 69 64 20 6e |wing hou|rs did n|
|000044f0| 6f 74 0d 0a 63 6f 72 72 | 65 6c 61 74 65 20 73 69 |ot..corr|elate si|
|00004500| 67 6e 69 66 69 63 61 6e | 74 6c 79 20 77 69 74 68 |gnifican|tly with|
|00004510| 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 69 | 6c 64 72 65 6e 27 73 20 | the chi|ldren's |
|00004520| 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 73 | 20 66 6f 72 20 73 70 6f |requests| for spo|
|00004530| 72 74 73 20 69 74 65 6d | 73 20 61 6e 64 0d 0a 70 |rts item|s and..p|
|00004540| 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 | 61 63 74 69 76 69 74 69 |hysical |activiti|
|00004550| 65 73 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 20 4d 6f 74 68 65 72 |es... | Mother|
|00004560| 73 20 64 6f 20 72 65 63 | 6f 67 6e 69 7a 65 20 74 |s do rec|ognize t|
|00004570| 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6c 75 | 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 |he influ|ence of |
|00004580| 54 56 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 | 65 69 72 20 63 68 69 6c |TV on th|eir chil|
|00004590| 64 72 65 6e 27 73 20 64 | 69 65 74 20 61 6e 64 0d |dren's d|iet and.|
|000045a0| 0a 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 | 6c 20 61 63 74 69 76 69 |.physica|l activi|
|000045b0| 74 69 65 73 2c 20 61 73 | 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 |ties, as| well as|
|000045c0| 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6f | 77 6e 20 70 75 72 63 68 | their o|wn purch|
|000045d0| 61 73 69 6e 67 20 62 65 | 68 61 76 69 6f 72 2e 20 |asing be|havior. |
|000045e0| 20 54 68 65 20 69 6e 66 | 6c 75 65 6e 63 65 0d 0a | The inf|luence..|
|000045f0| 6f 66 20 54 56 20 73 68 | 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 |of TV sh|ould be |
|00004600| 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 69 6e | 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 |taken in|to consi|
|00004610| 64 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 77 68 65 6e 20 64 65 |deration| when de|
|00004620| 73 69 67 6e 69 6e 67 20 | 66 61 6d 69 6c 79 2d 62 |signing |family-b|
|00004630| 61 73 65 64 0d 0a 69 6e | 74 65 72 76 65 6e 74 69 |ased..in|terventi|
|00004640| 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 73 20 6f 6e 20 66 |on progr|ams on f|
|00004650| 69 74 6e 65 73 73 2c 20 | 6f 62 65 73 69 74 79 2c |itness, |obesity,|
|00004660| 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 65 | 76 65 6e 74 69 76 65 20 | and pre|ventive |
|00004670| 63 61 72 64 69 6f 6c 6f | 67 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 50 |cardiolo|gy.....P|
|00004680| 6f 73 74 2d 43 6f 6d 6d | 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 |ost-Comm|ent.... |
|00004690| 20 20 20 20 4d 79 20 6f | 6c 64 20 66 72 69 65 6e | My o|ld frien|
|000046a0| 64 2c 20 44 72 2e 20 57 | 69 6c 6c 69 61 6d 20 44 |d, Dr. W|illiam D|
|000046b0| 69 65 74 7a 2c 20 70 72 | 65 70 61 72 65 64 20 74 |ietz, pr|epared t|
|000046c0| 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 | 6e 74 61 72 79 20 74 68 |he comme|ntary th|
|000046d0| 61 74 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f | 77 73 2e 0d 0a 44 72 2e |at follo|ws...Dr.|
|000046e0| 20 44 69 65 74 7a 20 69 | 73 20 61 6e 20 41 73 73 | Dietz i|s an Ass|
|000046f0| 6f 63 69 61 74 65 20 50 | 72 6f 66 65 73 73 6f 72 |ociate P|rofessor|
|00004700| 20 6f 66 20 50 65 64 69 | 61 74 72 69 63 73 20 61 | of Pedi|atrics a|
|00004710| 74 20 74 68 65 20 54 75 | 66 74 73 20 55 6e 69 76 |t the Tu|fts Univ|
|00004720| 65 72 73 69 74 79 0d 0a | 53 63 68 6f 6f 6c 20 6f |ersity..|School o|
|00004730| 66 20 4d 65 64 69 63 69 | 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 50 |f Medici|ne.....P|
|00004740| 6f 73 74 2d 43 6f 6d 6d | 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 |ost-Comm|ent.... |
|00004750| 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 68 65 61 6c 74 68 20 63 | The |health c|
|00004760| 6f 6e 73 65 71 75 65 6e | 63 65 73 20 6f 66 20 54 |onsequen|ces of T|
|00004770| 56 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 62 6f |V result| from bo|
|00004780| 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 71 | 75 61 6e 74 69 74 79 20 |th the q|uantity |
|00004790| 6f 66 20 74 69 6d 65 20 | 74 68 61 74 0d 0a 63 68 |of time |that..ch|
|000047a0| 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 20 61 | 6e 64 20 61 64 6f 6c 65 |ildren a|nd adole|
|000047b0| 73 63 65 6e 74 73 20 73 | 70 65 6e 64 20 77 61 74 |scents s|pend wat|
|000047c0| 63 68 69 6e 67 20 69 74 | 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |ching it| and the|
|000047d0| 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | content| of the |
|000047e0| 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 | 0d 0a 74 68 61 74 20 74 |programs|..that t|
|000047f0| 68 65 79 20 76 69 65 77 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 61 |hey view|. The a|
|00004800| 76 65 72 61 67 65 20 41 | 6d 65 72 69 63 61 6e 20 |verage A|merican |
|00004810| 63 68 69 6c 64 20 73 70 | 65 6e 64 73 20 61 70 70 |child sp|ends app|
|00004820| 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 65 | 6c 79 20 32 34 20 68 6f |roximate|ly 24 ho|
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|00004840| 20 66 72 6f 6e 74 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 54 56 | front o|f the TV|
|00004850| 20 73 65 74 2e 20 20 42 | 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 54 | set. B|ecause T|
|00004860| 56 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 | 63 65 73 20 73 70 6f 72 |V displa|ces spor|
|00004870| 74 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 74 68 |ts more |than oth|
|00004880| 65 72 0d 0a 61 63 74 69 | 76 69 74 69 65 73 2c 20 |er..acti|vities, |
|00004890| 66 69 74 6e 65 73 73 20 | 69 73 20 69 6e 76 65 72 |fitness |is inver|
|000048a0| 73 65 6c 79 20 72 65 6c | 61 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |sely rel|ated to |
|000048b0| 54 56 2d 76 69 65 77 69 | 6e 67 20 74 69 6d 65 2e |TV-viewi|ng time.|
|000048c0| 20 20 41 73 20 74 68 65 | 0d 0a 6d 61 6e 75 66 61 | As the|..manufa|
|000048d0| 63 74 75 72 65 72 73 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 54 |cturers |of the T|
|000048e0| 65 65 6e 61 67 65 20 4d | 75 74 61 6e 74 20 4e 69 |eenage M|utant Ni|
|000048f0| 6e 6a 61 20 54 75 72 74 | 6c 65 20 62 72 65 61 6b |nja Turt|le break|
|00004900| 66 61 73 74 20 63 65 72 | 65 61 6c 20 6b 6e 6f 77 |fast cer|eal know|
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|00004920| 63 6c 65 20 62 79 20 54 | 61 72 61 73 20 65 74 20 |cle by T|aras et |
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|00004960| 72 0d 0a 70 61 72 65 6e | 74 73 20 74 6f 20 62 75 |r..paren|ts to bu|
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|00004990| 20 20 49 6e 61 63 74 69 | 76 69 74 79 20 61 6e 64 | Inacti|vity and|
|000049a0| 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 | 6c 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f | the inf|luence o|
|000049b0| 66 0d 0a 54 56 20 6f 6e | 20 66 6f 6f 64 20 63 6f |f..TV on| food co|
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|000049e0| 73 6f 63 69 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 6f 66 20 54 56 20 |sociatio|n of TV |
|000049f0| 61 6e 64 20 6f 62 65 73 | 69 74 79 2e 0d 0a 42 6f |and obes|ity...Bo|
|00004a00| 74 68 20 54 56 2d 76 69 | 65 77 69 6e 67 20 74 69 |th TV-vi|ewing ti|
|00004a10| 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 63 | 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 61 |me and c|ontent a|
|00004a20| 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 66 | 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 65 |ccount f|or the e|
|00004a30| 66 66 65 63 74 73 20 6f | 66 20 54 56 20 6f 6e 20 |ffects o|f TV on |
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|00004a50| 72 2e 20 4c 61 63 6b 20 | 6f 66 20 65 76 69 64 65 |r. Lack |of evide|
|00004a60| 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 61 | 20 63 6c 65 61 72 20 63 |nce of a| clear c|
|00004a70| 61 75 73 61 6c 20 72 65 | 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 68 |ausal re|lationsh|
|00004a80| 69 70 20 62 65 74 77 65 | 65 6e 20 54 56 20 76 69 |ip betwe|en TV vi|
|00004a90| 65 77 69 6e 67 0d 0a 61 | 6e 64 20 65 69 74 68 65 |ewing..a|nd eithe|
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|00004ab0| 72 20 6f 72 20 61 6c 63 | 6f 68 6f 6c 20 75 73 65 |r or alc|ohol use|
|00004ac0| 20 69 6e 20 61 64 6f 6c | 65 73 63 65 6e 74 73 20 | in adol|escents |
|00004ad0| 72 65 66 6c 65 63 74 73 | 20 74 68 65 0d 0a 64 69 |reflects| the..di|
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|00004b30| 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 | 20 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 |equently| on prog|
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|00004b50| 20 61 64 6f 6c 65 73 63 | 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 61 6e | adolesc|ents, an|
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|00004c00| 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 77 65 20 |suggest |that we |
|00004c10| 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 0d 0a | 61 66 66 6f 72 64 20 74 |cannot..|afford t|
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|00004e50| 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 61 | 74 6f 72 7b 7d 0d 0a 0d |Commenta|tor{}...|
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|00004e80| 20 50 75 62 6c 69 73 68 | 65 72 73 2c 20 49 6e 63 | Publish|ers, Inc|
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|00004fc0| 4d 69 6e 6e 29 0d 0a 4c | 61 6e 63 65 74 20 32 3a |Minn)..L|ancet 2:|
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|00005000| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005010| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005020| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d |--------|-----...|
|00005030| 0a 41 62 73 74 72 61 63 | 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 |.Abstrac|t.... |
|00005040| 20 20 48 79 70 6f 70 68 | 6f 73 70 68 61 74 65 6d | Hypoph|osphatem|
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|000063c0| 6f 6e 73 2e 20 20 4f 6e | 6c 79 20 61 0d 0a 70 72 |ons. On|ly a..pr|
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